Kansas Oversize Permits
KDOT K-TRIPS fees, registered escort providers, daylight and city time limits, the Kansas Turnpike's own hours, superloads and the US-83 check-in
Quick answer
What does KDOT charge for an oversize permit?
A KDOT single-trip permit costs $40 under K.S.A. 8-1911, and one permit covers a load that is oversize, overweight or both, with no ton-mile or mileage charge. Superload and large structure single trips cost $200, as do annual permits. Permits are ordered in K-TRIPS through KDOT's Central Permitting Office, (785) 368-6501, and are not needed on the Kansas Turnpike, which sets its own rules.
Updated October 2026 by the HTS Logistics broker team (FMCSA MC# 1178470).
Checked October 2026; the issued permit controls
Kansas charges one flat fee for most single trips, $40 whether a load is oversize, overweight or both, and KDOT's rule says permitted loads 'may move every day of the year, including holidays' (K.A.R. 36-1-36(m)(3)). KDOT's Central Permitting Office issues permits in K-TRIPS for state highways, city connecting links and the Interstate, while the Kansas Turnpike Authority (KTA) runs the toll road under its own limits. Kansas is one of the Plains states in our oversize permits by state guide.
On heavy haul in Kansas, HTS acts as the broker (MC 1178470), booking the carrier that hauls the load and arranging the K-TRIPS permit, any KTA pre-authorization and escorts from a provider registered with KDOT. Kansas registers escort companies every year and requires operator training from a state it accepts (K.S.A. 8-1921), so we check the provider against KDOT's registered list before booking.
Legal limits in Kansas
Kansas writes its limits into K.S.A. 8-1902 to 8-1909 for all highways, with no separate designated-network figure. Its 59 ft 6 in semitrailer matches Oklahoma's National Network limit and runs 6 ft 6 in past the 53 ft allowed in Nebraska and Missouri, and off the Interstate the gross weight table climbs to 85,500 lb.
| Limit | Kansas | Federal baseline | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Width | 8 ft 6 in | 8 ft 6 in (102 in) on the National Network | 102 in including the load (8-1902(a)); turn signals, handholds, splash guards and tire bulge may add 3 in per side, up to 108 in overall (K.A.R. 36-36-1) |
| Height | 14 ft | No federal limit | 14 ft 6 in for round hay bales; the operator is liable for any overpass strike (8-1904(a)) |
| Semitrailer length | 59 ft 6 in | States must allow at least 48 ft | Semitrailer with a truck tractor on all highways, no overall tractor-semitrailer limit (KHP); other combinations 65 ft; daytime poles, pipe and machinery to 85 ft overall without a permit (8-1904(e)) |
| Gross weight | 80,000 lb | 80,000 lb | The Interstate cap (8-1909(a)(2), 8-1909a); off the Interstate the 8-1909 table runs to 85,500 lb, for example five axles spread 60 ft or seven axles spread 44 ft |
| Single axle | 20,000 lb | 20,000 lb | 10,000 lb per wheel (8-1908); KHP gives a 22,000 lb single axle on the Kansas Turnpike |
| Tandem axle | 34,000 lb | 34,000 lb | Axles 40–96 in apart; KHP lists a triple at 42,000–44,000 lb and a quad at 50,000 lb under the 8-1909 table |
Federal baseline: 23 CFR Part 658, eCFR as of 2026-10-14
When Kansas requires a permit and how to get one
KDOT's Central Permitting Office, part of the Bureau of Structures and Geotechnical Services in Topeka, issues permits under K.S.A. 8-1911 and K.A.R. 36-1-28 to 36-1-38, and a permit is needed even to cross the state highway system (36-1-36(a)). Only the transporting carrier or an authorized permit service may apply, and permits are not transferable. A standard single-trip permit is valid 7 days, origin to destination on KDOT-designated routes, with repeat trips allowed on the same route for similar loads, up to 16 ft 6 in wide, 126 ft long, 18 ft high and 150,000 lb (36-1-37, 36-1-38).
K-TRIPS self-issues most permits; the 2017 user guide set self-issue limits of 120,000 lb, 15 ft high, 16 ft 6 in wide and 126 ft long and sent route changes adding more than 25% mileage to staff, figures that may have changed since. A permit is valid only if the power unit is registered for at least the total gross weight (8-1911(c)), the carrier carries at least $500,000 general liability and $500,000 auto liability with proof in the vehicle (36-1-36(i)), and an approved permit cannot be altered (36-1-36(o)).
Permit office
- Issuing office
- KDOT Central Permitting Office, Bureau of Structures and Geotechnical Services
- Address
- Eisenhower State Office Building, 700 SW Harrison Street, Topeka, KS 66603
- Phone
- (785) 368-6501; Bureau of Structures and Geotechnical Services (785) 296-3531
- None published; K-TRIPS offers live chat and callback requests
- Hours
- Not published by KDOT; a 2018 KHP handout listed Monday–Friday 7:30–5:00 (unconfirmed)
- Roads covered
- State highways, city connecting links and the Interstate; cities and counties may permit their own roads; the Turnpike follows KTA rules
Fees
| Permit | Fee |
|---|---|
| Single trip covering oversize, overweight or both | $40 |
| Single-trip large structure (over 16 ft 6 in wide or 18 ft high) | $200 |
| Single-trip superload (over 150,000 lb or over the K.A.R. 36-1-37 axle limits) | $200 |
| Annual permit (oversize, overweight, ocean container, oil service rig, tow truck and other listed types) | $200 per power unit |
| 90,000 lb agricultural divisible-load annual permit (six or more axles, off the Interstate) | $200; no single-trip version |
| Special vehicle combination (triples) | $2,000 per carrier per year plus $50 per power unit |
| Custom combine header permit (May 1–Nov 15) | $10 per power unit |
| Five-year hay-bale permit | $25 |
| KTA Access, Turnpike toll booth to terminal | $10 a year or $5 for 6 months |
| Temporary weight permit ordered with a routed permit | $46 for 72 hours, $92 for 6 days, $138 for 9 days |
No weight, mileage or ton-mile band applies (8-1911(b)), so a 140,000 lb load within the 36-1-37 axle limits pays the same $40 as a 10 ft wide one.
KDOT publishes no amendment, refund, engineering, route-survey or escort fee, and escort provider registration is free. K-TRIPS takes escrow, credit card or electronic check with no stated surcharge. Vehicles owned by counties, cities and other political subdivisions pay no fee (8-1911(f)). The KTA lists no oversize permit fee on its page; tolls apply.
Escort and pilot car rules in Kansas
Kansas regulates the escort company as well as the trigger. Every escort vehicle service provider registers each year in K-TRIPS, free, and attests to insurance, registrations, approved training and no impaired or reckless driving conviction in 36 months; operators must be 18 or older and have finished a training course from a state KDOT accepts (K.S.A. 8-1921; K.A.R. 36-45-2 to 36-45-4). KDOT's October 2020 FAQ lists Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Utah, Virginia and Washington; those programs are compared on our pilot car certification by state page.
| Load | Escort requirement |
|---|---|
| Over 14 ft wide, any highway | At least 1 front and 1 rear escort; the rear one may be dropped with a warning light on top of the load, another on the rear of the load 2–8 ft above the road, and an OVERSIZE LOAD sign on the rear of the load (36-45-8(b)(4)) |
| Taller than 16 ft | At least 1 front escort with a height pole: retractable, flexible, nonconductive and set at the load height plus 3 in (36-45-8(b)(3); 36-45-1(f)); over 17 ft, the carrier also notifies the utilities (36-1-36(l)(2)) |
| Large structure: over 16 ft 6 in wide or 18 ft high | Front and rear escorts; an escort holds side roads, and traffic is stopped on both sides before the load crosses a bridge or critical location (36-45-8(b)(2); 36-1-38(d)) |
| Superload: over 150,000 lb or any axle group over the 36-1-37 limits | Front and rear escorts, plus one more if the permit requires slowing at bridges (36-45-8(b)(1)) |
| Length alone | No length-only trigger in 36-1-36 or 36-45-8; any escort for a long load is written into the permit |
| Implement dealer annual permit, over 14 ft wide | Escorts as KDOT rules require; dealer moves stop at 17 ft 9 in wide, in daylight and off the Interstate (K.S.A. 8-1918(b)) |
| Kansas Turnpike, over 14 ft wide | At least 1 escort, Monday–Thursday 8:30 AM–4:30 PM, with KTA pre-authorization |
| Law enforcement | KHP does not escort oversize loads; local police accompany a large structure on the Interstate, which is allowed only in extreme circumstances (36-1-38(d)(3)) |
The 1997 rule, K.A.R. 36-1-36(f), still in the code, required the over-14 ft escorts only on highways of fewer than four lanes. This table follows the newer, escort-specific 36-45-8, which matches the KHP FAQ ('loads exceeding 14 feet in width require escort vehicles').
Distances: the lead escort runs no more than 500 ft ahead inside city limits and 1,000 ft outside, the rear escort no more than 500 ft behind (36-45-8(h)), and traffic stops are limited to 15 minutes before the local police or KDOT area office is told (36-45-8(g)). The escort vehicle has at least two axles, a GVWR of no more than 16,000 lb and a width of 60–102 in, the provider's name on both sides, an OVERSIZE LOAD sign 5 ft long and 12 in high lettered 8 in high, an amber light of at least 6 in visible 500 ft from all directions, and kit that includes STOP/SLOW paddles, 8 reflective triangles, 8 red LED flares and three 18 in cones (36-45-5, 36-45-6).
Travel times, curfews and holidays
KDOT sets no weekend or holiday ban, so the Kansas clock comes down to daylight, a list of cities and the Turnpike. Overwidth and overlength permit loads may not move between half an hour after sunset and half an hour before sunrise unless another rule allows it (K.S.A. 8-1911(m)(1)(A)).
- Night: an oversize load moves after dark only under an emergency authorization noted on the permit (K.A.R. 36-1-36(m)(2)). Overweight-only loads within legal width and length may run 24 hours a day except on ice, snow pack or drifting snow (8-1911(m)(2)), and so may cotton modules under permit (8-1916(a)).
- City time limits: the KHP FAQ says restrictions of 7–9 AM and 4–6:30 PM may exist in Kansas City, Lawrence, Leavenworth, Leawood, Lenexa, Olathe, Overland Park, Shawnee, Topeka and Wichita, with pickups and deliveries in those cities excluded. KHP publishes no size threshold, weekday scope or boundaries, and the limits are not in K.A.R. 36-1, so we read them from the conditions printed on each permit.
- Holidays: KDOT and K-TRIPS publish no 2026 holiday list because the rule has no holiday ban. Triples under special vehicle combination permits are the exception, with no travel on holidays or holiday weekends (K.A.R. 36-1-28(k)), terms the rule does not define. A non-government summary says Kansas restricts major holidays; we found no official source that supports it.
- Weather: no oversize or overweight movement with visibility under 1/2 mile, in moderate to heavy rain, sleet, snow, fog or smoke, or on surfaces slippery from ice, packed snow or rain (36-1-36(p)); manufactured homes and modular sections stop when sustained ground wind passes 30 mph at the nearest weather reporting station (36-1-36(k)).
- Convoys and spacing: no more than two permitted loads per convoy, no more than 1,000 ft apart; permitted vehicles follow other traffic by at least 300 ft except when passing; and an oversize load may not hold up traffic on a bridge for more than 5 minutes (36-1-36).
No spring thaw program in Kansas: posted limits and weather rules
Kansas has no frost law. K.S.A. 8-1901 to 8-1921 and K.A.R. 36-1 and 36-45 contain no spring-thaw season and no lowered spring axle weights, and no KDOT, K-TRIPS or KHP page announces one. The northern programs a Kansas load may meet on the way are compared on our frost laws by state page.
- Local roads: by ordinance or resolution, cities and counties may ban vehicles from their roads, or cut weights, for as long as 90 days in a calendar year when deterioration, rain, snow or other climatic conditions would seriously damage them, and the limits bind only after signs go up at both ends of the affected section (K.S.A. 8-1912(a)–(b)).
- State highways: the Secretary of Transportation has the same power by resolution, effective when signs are posted (8-1912(d)), and KDOT may attach seasonal or time limits to an individual permit to prevent undue road damage (8-1911(d)), so the permit's conditions are where a seasonal limit would show up.
- Checking conditions: current closures and restrictions are on KanDrive, KDOT's traveler information site.
What catches carriers in Kansas
No WIDE LOAD banners
The KHP FAQ asks 'Can I display a Wide Load banner in Kansas?' and answers 'No.' Every overwidth or overlength permit load carries an OVERSIZE LOAD sign no smaller than 7 ft long and 18 in high, lettered 10 in high with a 1 2/5 in stroke, black on yellow, on the front of the vehicle and the rear of the load, readable from 500 ft, plus red flags at least 12 in square on all four corners. The sign comes off once the load is legal size, and an overweight-only load may not carry it at all. Our guide to OVERSIZE LOAD sign rules compared by state covers the wording other states accept.
K.S.A. 8-1911(l); K.A.R. 36-1-35(k), 36-1-36(q); KHP Commercial Vehicle FAQ
Escort paperwork before the move
Each escorted trip needs a planning meeting no more than 7 days before the move and a route survey by an escort operator no more than 14 days before it, and the provider keeps a post-trip report for 3 years.
K.A.R. 36-45-7
Loading decides divisibility
A load is non-divisible only if splitting it would take more than 8 work hours, cut its value or compromise the vehicle's use. The smallest dimension goes as the width, side-by-side articles are barred when more than one makes the load overwidth, multiple-item loads stay within legal axle and gross weights, and construction equipment rides on a trailer except for incidental moves of 1 mile or less inside project limits.
K.A.R. 36-1-35(i), 36-1-36
Registration has to cover the gross
A Kansas permit is valid only if the power unit is registered for at least the total gross weight, so a carrier registered at 80,000 lb hauling a 120,000 lb load can add a temporary weight permit to the routed permit in K-TRIPS: $46 for 72 hours, $92 for 6 days or $138 for 9 days.
K.S.A. 8-1911(c); K-TRIPS price list
The Kansas Turnpike, superloads and the US-83 corridor
The Kansas Turnpike is the only toll facility in the Kansas permit sources we checked, and the KTA says 'Special permits from KDOT are not required to move oversized loads on the Kansas Turnpike'; its pre-authorization and hours are what apply there.
Turnpike limits (KTA page, updated May 16, 2026)
Loads up to 125 ft long and 8.5 ft wide may run 24 hours. Over 125 ft needs pre-authorization and no night travel except in emergencies. Up to 12 ft wide may run in daylight without restriction; over 12 ft needs pre-authorization, and anything over 8.5 ft wide is barred at night. Over 14 ft wide moves only Monday–Thursday, 8:30 AM–4:30 PM, with at least one escort, and over 16 ft is 'rarely' authorized. A load over 14 ft high stops until a KHP trooper measures it. The driver checks that toll plazas have room, and KTA oversize questions go to (316) 682-4537 ext. 2202.
Turnpike rule versus page
The KTA's own rule, K.A.R. 39-1-1 (amended 1999), still bars without authorization loads over 12 ft 6 in wide in darkness or 14 ft wide in daylight, over 119 ft overall and over 120,000 lb gross, and it bans farm implements. The page is silent on weight, so we follow the page for dimensions and hours and treat the 120,000 lb cap as standing.
Superloads and large structures
A superload (over 150,000 lb, or any axle group over 22,000 lb single non-drive, 24,000 lb drive, 45,000 lb tandem, 60,000 lb triple or 65,000 lb quad) is single-trip only, needs a KDOT bridge analysis before travel, and the mover pays for all damage. In K-TRIPS the first permit on a new Bridge Study goes in at least 3 days before the start date; an approved study is good for 30 days and up to 10 later permits with the same load and route, which then self-issue. Large structures (over 16 ft 6 in wide or 18 ft high) get a 30-day permit, use state highways as little as possible, notify utilities and railroads, and travel on a route, date and time a district KDOT employee approves.
US-83 location sharing
On the 131-mile U.S. 83 corridor from the southern Finney County line to the east Thomas County line, loads 14 ft or wider or 126 ft or longer share their live location through the KanDrive app. The requirement prints on the permit, the driver enters the permit number in the app, and only location and permitted size are shown publicly (KDOT letter to carriers, Aug 2, 2024).
Annual permit envelope
The $200 annual permit is tied to one power unit and allows continuous daylight movement up to 16 ft 6 in wide, 126 ft long, 15 ft high and 120,000 lb, leaving approved routes only at origin and destination by the shortest safe roads (36-1-37, 36-1-38(a)); poles, pipe, girders and double derricks may be permitted to 140 ft (36-1-36(l)(4)).
Crossing into a neighboring state
- East into Missouri: MoDOT sets a weekday Kansas City curfew of 7–9 AM and 4–6 PM for oversize loads, requires an escort above 12 ft 6 in wide, and stops permitted loads, overweight-only ones included, from noon on the last business day before each holiday; see Missouri oversize permit rules.
- South into Oklahoma: ODOT halts every permitted vehicle on its six holidays, Thanksgiving and Christmas among them, requires escorts over 12 ft wide on all highways and needs Oklahoma Turnpike Authority approval for turnpike travel; see our Oklahoma oversize permit rules.
- West into Colorado on I-70: CDOT requires certified pilot escorts, loads over 11 ft wide stop for permission at the Eisenhower-Johnson Tunnel, and the tunnel takes nothing taller than 13 ft 11 in, as our Colorado oversize and overweight rules explain.
Kansas oversize permit questions
What does a K-TRIPS permit cost in Kansas?
A single-trip permit costs $40 under K.S.A. 8-1911(f)(2), and one permit covers a load that is oversize, overweight or both, with no ton-mile or mileage band. Superload and large structure single trips are $200, and annual permits are $200 per power unit. The K-TRIPS price list, current as of May 23, 2023, states no price increases. Escort provider registration is free.
Do I need a KDOT permit on the Kansas Turnpike?
No. The Kansas Turnpike Authority states that special permits from KDOT are not required on the Turnpike, but its own limits apply: loads over 12 ft wide need KTA pre-authorization, anything over 8.5 ft wide is barred at night, and loads over 14 ft wide move only Monday to Thursday, 8:30 AM to 4:30 PM, with an escort. Call (316) 682-4537 ext. 2202.
Can oversize loads move on holidays in Kansas?
Yes. K.A.R. 36-1-36(m)(3) says carriers of oversize or overweight loads may move every day of the year, including holidays, and KDOT publishes no holiday list. The limits that remain are daylight for overwidth and overlength loads, the city time windows printed on some permits and the Kansas Turnpike's Monday to Thursday hours for loads over 14 ft wide. Triple-trailer combinations may not travel on holidays.
At what size does a Kansas load need escorts?
Over 14 ft wide on any highway, front and rear, with the rear escort replaceable by lights and a rear sign on the load. Over 16 ft high, a front escort with a height pole. Large structures over 16 ft 6 in wide or 18 ft high and superloads over 150,000 lb need front and rear escorts. Every escort company registers yearly in K-TRIPS, and operators need training from an accepted state.
Can I use a WIDE LOAD sign in Kansas?
No. The Kansas Highway Patrol answers that question with a plain no. Kansas requires an OVERSIZE LOAD sign of 7 ft by 18 in or larger, with 10 in black letters on yellow, on the front of the vehicle and the rear of the load, and K.S.A. 8-1911(l)(2) bars the sign on overweight-only loads that are within legal width and length.
What makes a Kansas load a superload?
A non-divisible load over 150,000 lb gross, or any axle group over the K.A.R. 36-1-37 limits, such as 45,000 lb on a tandem or 60,000 lb on a triple. A superload permit costs $200, is single-trip only and needs a KDOT bridge analysis first; in K-TRIPS the first permit on a new Bridge Study is submitted at least 3 days before the start date.
Do Kansas oversize permits allow night travel?
Not by default. Overwidth and overlength permit loads stop 30 minutes after sunset and may not start again until 30 minutes before sunrise under K.S.A. 8-1911(m), unless the Secretary authorizes an emergency move noted on the permit. Overweight-only loads within legal size may run around the clock except on ice, snow pack or drifting snow. On the Turnpike, nothing over 8.5 ft wide runs at night.
Sources
Facts on this page were checked in October 2026 against the sources below. Rules and rates change; we confirm current requirements on every move.
- eCFR 23 CFR Part 658: Truck Size and Weight (federal baseline)
- K-TRIPS login page (permits, links to price list, regulations, escort trip report, registered escort providers)
- K-TRIPS Permit Price List (current as of 05/23/2023)
- K-TRIPS Company User Guide and Training v2.0 (05.17.2017)
- K-TRIPS Helpful Hints tutorial transcript
- KDOT Message to Oversize Load Carriers, U.S. 83 location reporting (Aug 2, 2024)
- K-TRIPS-hosted Kansas escort vehicle regulations (2020 pre-adoption draft; the adopted K.A.R. 36-45 text is cited instead)
- KDOT Commercial Vehicle Information page
- KDOT Kansas Escort Vehicles FAQ (Oct 2020)
- KDOT EVSP registration appeal form (rev. 08-2021; Central Permitting Office address)
- K.S.A. 8-1902 Width
- K.S.A. 8-1904 Height and length
- K.S.A. 8-1905 Projecting loads front and rear
- K.S.A. 8-1908 Wheel and axle weights
- K.S.A. 8-1909 Gross weight table
- K.S.A. 8-1909a Interstate weights
- K.S.A. 8-1911 Permits and fees
- K.S.A. 8-1912 Restrictions by KDOT and local authorities
- K.S.A. 8-1914 Turnpike toll booth to terminal permits
- K.S.A. 8-1915 Special vehicle combination permits
- K.S.A. 8-1916 Cotton modules
- K.S.A. 8-1917 Idle reduction weight
- K.S.A. 8-1918 Implement dealer permits
- K.S.A. 8-1919 90,000 lb agricultural annual permit
- K.S.A. 8-1921 Escort vehicle company registration
- K.S.A. 8-1901 Penalties and exemptions
- K.S.A. 8-1715 Lamps or flags on projecting loads
- Kansas Revisor 2026 composite list of new, amended and repealed statutes (Aug 13, 2026)
- Kansas Revisor 2025 composite list of new, amended and repealed statutes
- K.A.R. 36-1-28 Special vehicle combinations
- K.A.R. 36-1-35 Definitions (signs, large structure, superload)
- K.A.R. 36-1-36 Common requirements
- K.A.R. 36-1-37 Maximum dimensions and gross weights
- K.A.R. 36-1-38 Types of permits
- K.A.R. 36-36-1 Vehicle widths
- K.A.R. 36-45-1 Escort definitions (height pole, large structure, superload)
- K.A.R. 36-45-2 EVSP registration
- K.A.R. 36-45-4 Escort vehicle operator
- K.A.R. 36-45-5 Escort vehicle
- K.A.R. 36-45-6 Escort equipment
- K.A.R. 36-45-7 Documentation for permitted route
- K.A.R. 36-45-8 Trip procedures (escort triggers)
- K.A.R. 39-1-1 Kansas Turnpike use limitations
- Kansas Turnpike Authority Oversized Vehicles page (updated May 2026)
- Kansas Highway Patrol Commercial Vehicle FAQs (sizes, weights, signs, curfews, escorts)
- Kansas Highway Patrol FAQ: Oversize load permits and restrictions
- Kansas Highway Patrol FAQ: Size and weight restrictions
- Kansas Highway Patrol Custom Harvester Operations Requirements
- Kansas Highway Patrol Intrastate Farming handout (2024)
- Kansas Highway Patrol custom harvester handout (rev. 06/2018, dated)
- KanDrive (KDOT traveler information)
Running an oversize load through Kansas?
A flat $40 permit makes Kansas look simple, but Turnpike hours, city time windows and US-83 check-ins still shape the trip. Send us the dimensions, weight and both addresses, and we will plan the K-TRIPS permit, KTA approval and registered escorts together.
- FMCSA-licensed property broker, MC# 1178470
- Permits, escorts and route surveys arranged for each move
- Carriers checked for authority, insurance and safety record
- Commercial shippers, dealers, contractors and auction buyers
Prefer to talk? Call (631) 683-8275.
Request a Commercial Quote
Keep reading
- Missouri Oversize PermitsPermits from $15, the 2026 Highway Patrol escort pilot, metro curfews and closed river crossings.
- Oklahoma Oversize Permits$40 plus $10 per 1,000 lb, certified escorts over 12 ft, three-county curfews and turnpike approval.
- Colorado Oversize PermitsCOOPR fees, escort tiers by highway color, Denver curfews and I-70 tunnel limits.
- Oversize PermitsLegal limits, permit fees, escort triggers and travel rules by state, from official sources.
- Legal Load LimitsLegal width, height, length and axle weights by state, plus night, weekend and 2026 holiday travel rules.
- Pilot Car RequirementsWhen each state requires escorts: width, length, height and overhang triggers, certification and police escorts.